Includes bibliographical references and index.

Part 1. Automated scoring

The role of robust software in automated scoring / Nitin Madnani, Aoife Cahill, Anastassia Loukina

Psychometric considerations when using deep learning for automated scoring / Susan Lottridge, Chris Ormerod, Amir Jafari

Speech analysis in assessment / Jared C. Bernstein, Jian Cheng

Assessment of clinical skills ; a case study in constructing an NLP-based scoring system for patient notes / Polina Harik, Janet Mee, Christopher Runyon, Brian E. Clauser

Part 2. Item development

Automatic generation of multiple-choice test items from paragraphs using deep neural networks / Ruslan Mitkov, Le An Ha, Halyna Maslak, Tharindu Ranasinghe, Vilelmini Sosoni

Training Optimus Prime, M.D. : a case study of automated item generation using artificial intelligence – from fine-tuned gpt2 to gpt3 and beyond / Matthias von Davier

Computational psychometrics for digital-first assessments : a blend of ml and psychometrics for item generation and scoring / Geoff LaFlair, Kevin Yancey, Burr Settles, Alina A von Davier

Part 3. Validity and fairness

Validity, fairness, and technology-based assessment / Suzanne Lane

Evaluating fairness of automated scoring in educational measurement / Matthew S. Johnson, Daniel F. McCaffrey

Part 4. Emerging technologies

Extracting linguistic signal from item text and its application to modeling item characteristics / Victoria Yaneva, Peter Baldwin, Le An Ha, Christopher Runyon

Stealth literacy assessment : leveraging games and NLP in iSTART / Ying Fang, Laura K. Allen, Rod D. Roscoe, Danielle S. McNamara

Measuring scientific understanding across international samples : the promise of machine translation and NLP-based machine learning technologies / Minsu Ha, Ross H. Nehm

Making sense of college students' writing achievement and retention with automated writing evaluation / Jill Burstein, Daniel F. McCaffrey, Steven Holtzman, Beata Beigman Klebanov