What is philosophy?: The philosophical background of logic -- Etymological definition or philosophy -- Real definition of philosophy -- Fundamental principles in the definition of philosophy -- A continual relationship to sciences and art -- Types of philosophy: Speculative philosophy -- Applied philosophy -- Introduction to logic: What is logic?: Nominal definition by etymology -- Real definition -- Fundamental principles of the definition of logic -- Is a child born logician? -- The formal object of logic -- Importance of logic -- Types of logic: Based on form and concept: Formal logic -- Material logic -- Based on process of thinking: Deductive logic -- Inductive logic -- Three main divisions of logic: Simple apprehension -- Judgement -- Reasoning -- The nature of language -- Concepts and terms: What is a concept?: Abstraction -- Attention -- Mental reflex activity -- Comparison -- Types of concept: Concept based on intention -- Concept based on subject and form -- Concept based on substance and accidents -- Concept based on existence and possession -- What is a term?: Terms according to the kinds of concept -- Terms as a last element of the proposition -- Terms as a sign of a concept -- Terms as to incompatibility with other term -- Terms as to definiteness of meaning -- Properties of terms: Comprehension -- Extension -- Supposition -- Classification of terms according to extension: Universal -- Singular -- Particular -- Supposition -- Definition -- Judgement and proposition: What is a judgement?: Components of a judgement -- What is a proposition?: Elements of a logical statement -- Categorical proposition -- Hypothetical proposition -- Subject as a quantifier of a proposition -- Copula as qualifier of the proposition -- Symbols of categorical propositions -- Hypothetical proposition -- Conditional proposition -- Disjunctive proposition -- Conjunctive proposition -- The logical inference or reasoning: What is a logical inference or reasoning?: Immediate logical inference -- Eductive inference: Conversion -- Simple conversion -- Partial conversion -- Obversion -- Contraposition -- Simple contraposition -- Complete contraposition -- Inversion -- Simple inversion -- Complete inversion -- The oppositional inference or the oppositional square of proposition: What is the oppositional inference or the oppositional square of proposition?: Contradictory opposition -- Contrary opposition -- Subcontrary opposition -- Subaltern opposition -- The syllogism: What is a syllogism?: Categorical syllogism -- Fundamental rules for the validity of categorical syllogism -- Fallacies according to the extension of terms -- Fallacies according to quantity -- Hypothetical syllogism: Conditional syllogism -- Disjunctive syllogism -- Conjunctive syllogism -- Special variations of syllogism -- Fallacy: What is a fallacy?: Fallacy of language -- Fallacy of confusion or improper sequence of premises -- Introduction to symbolic logic: What is symbolic logic?